Tool Kit. Strategies to facilitate eating and swallowing in people living with early-stage dementia

61 Appendix 2: Foods difficult to swallow for a person living with dementia and dysphagia People living with dementia and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) face unique challenges when it comes to eating. Dysphagia can occur due to various factors, such as muscle weakness in the mouth and pharynx, impaired motor coordination, or neurological issues associated with dementia. These difficulties can affect the ability to swallow safely and efficiently, making it essential to identify and avoid certain foods that may increase the risk of aspiration, choking, or suffocation. The following list includes foods that may present specific challenges for individuals with these specific conditions. The goal is to prevent the difficulties these foods can cause and to provide recommendations for replacing or modifying them in their presentation. Food Type Why it’s challenging to Swallow Examples Recommendations Dry and hard These foods make chewing and forming the food bolus difficult. • Nuts • Dry, crunchy crackers (e.g., soda crackers, oat crackers) • Raw, hard fruits and vegetables (e.g., raw carrot sticks) • Tough meat • Toasted bread • Rice Modify the presentation of foods to make them softer and easier to chew. Example: Stew meats in small pieces, and cook vegetables until soft. Serve fruits as compote or grated.