Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

77 The CBD advocates for several guiding principles that countries should consider: the use of a holistic and multisectoral approach involving cooperation between government, civil society and businesses, the recognition of the value of local knowledge in promoting the sustainable use of biodiversity, and the understanding that economic and institutional factors often underlie biodiversity loss. However, the CBD has been criticized for not being an action plan but rather a commitment device, therefore it presents few specific procedures, does not establish concrete goals and lacks lists or annexes related to protected sites or species. Therefore, the responsibility for determining how most of its provisions will be implemented at national level lies with the parties themselves. One of the mechanisms for implementing the CBD is the formulation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans, which are policy instruments in each signatory country of the Convention to appropriately integrate biodiversity concerns into relevant sectors of national development. In 2018, Chile approved the ENB 2017-2030, which is a public policy instrument that establishes the main strategic guidelines and national targets for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity until 2030. It is a relevant element for coordinating efforts and ensuring effective feedback between global and national objectives in favor of biodiversity protection, equity and social well-being. This document emphasizes that one of the main challenges is to complete and consolidate the existing environmental institutionality through the creation of the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Service and the National System of Protected Areas, which, as mentioned, have been awaiting approval since 2014. Unfortunately, the CBD Secretariat has reported that, despite being parties to the CBD, too many countries lag behind in creating, implementing and managing their own national strategies and action plans for real change to occur. Biodiversity loss is an international problem being addressed through international cooperation; however, there are disagreements among nations about the best way to address the issue. Nevertheless, its importance is such that UNEP estimates that a significant portion of the global economy is dependent on products and biological processes directly related to biodiversity. In other words, biodiversity is the foundation for a wide specter of industries, ranging from agriculture and biotechnology to fisheries and ecotourism. Therefore, the proper utilization of biodiversity at all levels - genetic, species, and ecosystems - is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.