Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

69 2010, people’s demands on the biosphere have exceeded its capacity to meet those needs. Emissions of CO 2 , one of the main GHGs, in Chile showed a steady increase from the 1990s and reached over 80 thousand kilotons annually in 2017 (Figure 1 (d)). The evolution of all these indicators coincides with the increase in the globalization index in Chile. Suresh (2003) described the logic of globalization as the expansion of trade and investment in search of new markets and more competitive production sites; that is, a tendency of multinational or transnational companies to geographically relocate and establish production units in countries with cheaper labor, more lenient health and safety requirements, lower environmental protection standards and favorable taxes, with the purpose of maximizing profits. At the same time, the growing power of multinational corporations is reported to have skewed the distribution of profits towards corporations, thus undermining the authority of national governments and civil society as well as human rights and environmental protection, and influencing the proliferation of laws that have favored trade and investment. Generally, when private costs become the basis of market decisions, social costs are considered minimally or not at all. This generates market failures that lead to overexploitation of natural elements and high levels of pollution. These market failures primarily affect the environment: critical resources such as water, wood, oil, fish and coal tend to be undervalued, while ecosystem services such as flood prevention, water retention, carbon sequestration and oxygen supply are not valued. This undervaluation or lack of valuation leads to the overexploitation of natural resources and elements, and economic actors and decision-makers may ignore some or all the environmental costs incurred. Economic growth and increased energy use The expansion of production is also associated with increased energy demand. This implies greater environmental degradation through increased use of energy sources and the consequent emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants. While improvements in production technologies could reduce environmental degradation, as environmentally friendly technologies may become more accessible through the globalization process, these technological advancements could increase energy demand and lead to a greater environmental burden. A study by Sethi et al. (2020), who examined the relationship between CO 2 emissions, globalization, energy consumption and economic growth in