Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

37 crucial political step for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals adopted in 2000, particularly in the field of global health. This initiative did not get caught up in the controversy surrounding traditional instruments of external financing like Official Development Assistance or international trade. Instead, it focused on a flexible approach and concentrated on generating new additional sources of funding and implementing financing mechanisms that did not require consensus from all multilateral actors. The adopted mechanism of taxing air transport with a minimum fee per passenger, in addition to raising funds for the initiative, opened the possibility of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from air transport, thereby addressing global warming. This laid the groundwork for political support in the subsequent United Nations Conference on Innovative Financing for Development in Paris in 2006 which established new standards for international development cooperation. It addressed a topic that had been discussed but that had not made a dent in the international community until then (like the Tobin Tax report on financial transaction taxes, under discussion for two decades ). This led to the establishment of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund), a public-private multilateral entity with significant and sustained contributions from the Gates Foundation (which had already promoted GAVI, the global alliance for vaccines) to finance the needs of the most vulnerable countries in relation to those diseases. The Global Fund marked the beginning of an era of international public- private collaboration and continues to develop various forms to address significant humanitarian and health problems that are solvable by innovative yet overlooked means. This is in line with the 2030 Agenda commitments and the challenges of the pandemic. It is worth mentioning that the Global Fund’s governance includes equal participation on its board of directors of industrialized and developing countries, as well as foundations and individuals affected by the diseases, which makes it a hybrid model. The G-4 countries, joined by Spain, Great Britain and South Korea, supported France’s proposal to allocate a portion of the revenue from a solidarity tax on air transport to finance research and development of required yet inaccessible innovations in the fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in the world’s most needy regions. This led to the creation of Unitaid, an autonomous entity under the auspices of the WHO, characterized by its innovative financing (with over 70% coming from the solidarity tax levied on airfares in countries such as France, Great Britain, Brazil, Chile and South Korea) and its use of funds to invest in innovative research and low-cost distribution of supplies and medicines through the joint efforts of donating and recipient governments, international and