Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

302 individuals) and malinformation (correct information that should not be disseminated for ethical reasons) (Ireton & Posetti 2018; Turcilo & Obrenovic 2020 cited by León et al., 2022). Different authors have proposed typologies to specify the category of disinformation: satire or parody, confusing content, impostor content, fabricated content as well as three types of procedures to produce this type of content: establishing false connections, false context or manipulated context. Other authors distinguish between those seeking to generate traffic through exaggerated headlines or spectacular images (click baits), conspiracy theories, fake content, sources or contents that promote different forms of discrimination, junk science and rumors (Carrasco-Farré, 2022). In its most harmful forms, disinformation has consequences. For example, in a less serious scenario, it can fuel skepticism towards any type of public message including reliable ones. In the worst cases, it can encourage behavior that may be dangerous for people and communities. False or misleading contents are usually easier to cognitively process (Carrasco-Farré, 2022) and emotions play a decisive role in whether people accept and incorporate false or misleading contents. Finally, the effectiveness of dismantling disinformation or falsehoods (cutting off their circuit) or countering them when they are already spread have dissimilar results (Ecker et al., 2022). This scenario of informational disorder (or informative pathologies) did not originate with Covid-19. In scientific fields subjects such as tobacco use, global warming or the impact of heavy metals on human health have been influenced by propaganda, manipulative information and disinformation even from players within the scientific and technological community. Electoral campaigns and social crises have also been fertile grounds for producing and spreading false and deceptive contents aimed at deliberately misinforming. Likewise, fact-checking is a practice that did not originate with journalistic coverage on science or the virus. Ideally, it is understood as a constitutive part of journalistic practices (“if your mother says she loves you, fact-check it”). In terms of its application different US media outlets (like Rolling Stone or The New Yorker ) developed fact-checking processes and created specialized teams dedicated to fact-checking since the 1960s. In the 1990s, such practice spread to some Latin American magazines like Gatopardo (Mexico), Etiqueta Negra (Peru) and El Malpensante (Colombia). The field of statements by political authorities is the most classic in which fact-checking has been developed in international and local medi a 70 . 70 One of the most influential models is the American PolitiFact.com, which was created in 2007 to specifically cover the elections of that year and it remains active today.