Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

25 focuses on biomedical research and interventions on infectious diseases. In contrast, Global Health 4.0 takes place in multidisciplinary centers and addresses broader topics, including non-communicable diseases and disparities. Furthermore, the former predominantly uses epidemiological research, including clinical trials, while the latter employs a much wider spectrum of methods, including social sciences and intervention implementation. In recent years, new conceptualizations have emerged that are intrinsically related to the process of defining the field of study in Global Health. Discussing these conceptualizations is of interest for various reasons, especially because different academic institutions are engaged in one or more of these versions within the realm of Global Health. One of these conceptualizations is known as “One Health”, which is defined as a collaborative, multisectoral and transdisciplinary approach operating at local, regional, national and global levels to achieve optimal health outcomes by recognizing the interconnectedness between humans, animals, plants and their environment (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, n. d.). On the other hand, the study of “Planetary Health” is a new approach to understanding the interdependence between human activity and natural systems, such as water, air, land and biodiversity and their impact on human well-being. The delicate balance between these elements requires an integrated and multidisciplinary vision through the creation of networks and alliances that advance risk studies and propose solutions and regulation, involving all sectors concerned, from the academic sphere to their translation and impact on society (Institute of Global Health Barcelona IS Global, 2019). Two more terms have emerged over the past decade. “Global Health Governance” is defined as the intervention of formal and informal institutions, regulation and processes of states, intergovernmental organizations and non-state actors to address health challenges that require collective and transnational action for more effective management (Fidler, 2010). Finally, we mention the field of “Global Health Diplomacy”, which describes the practices by which multiple actors attempt to coordinate and orchestrate global policy solutions to improve Global Health (Ruckert et al., 2016). Some of these areas of development are addressed in greater depth in the various articles of this book. Global Health in Latin America in the 21st century