Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

173 authors in the development of this paradigm include H. Gardner and D. Goleman (Gardner, 1983; Goleman, 1995). Mental health as a process of maturation. This paradigm views life as a process with distinct stages, crises and changes. Its main contribution lies in highlighting that the criteria used to define mental health or illness should be adapted to each stage of the life cycle. Prominent authors in this perspective are Jean Piaget, considered the father of genetic epistemology, who developed important conceptualizations regarding childhood thinking phases (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969), and Erik Erikson, who systematized comprehensive theories spanning the entire lifespan across different cultures (Erikson, 1950). Mental health as the development of resilience. The concept of resilience rose as a critique of “risk factors” and denotes the capacity to rebound and grow stronger from adverse experiences and situations (Kotliarenco et al., 1997). It represents one of the recent paradigms in this field and aspires to achieve a dialectic, integral and multidimensional perspective of the individual within their context throughout their life cycle (Grotberg, 2001). While the concept is attractive and promising, it is still in development and necessitates further empirical studies for its practical application (Davydov et al., 2010). As previously mentioned, critical currents, particularly those favoring asylum-based psychiatry, either dismiss the notion of mental health or leverage it to emphasize its connection with the social aspects of health. This takes the concept in a socio-political direction. These currents encompass Anti-psychiatry, Social Medicine, Community Psychology and Latin American Liberation Psychology (Miranda Hiriart, 2018). Abundant and growing evidence underscores the relationship between well-studied Social Determinants of Health (WHO, 2005) and various mental health problems (Compton & Shim, 2015). Establishing causality for complex issues is challenging, but an increasing number of studies support the idea that socioeconomic conditions can lead to mental health disorders. For instance, depression, one of the most common and relevant pathologies in this field, has been associated with poverty, social inequality, lack of social support, poor living conditions, employment conditions with high levels of work-related stress, early adverse experiences in life and gender (Alvarado & Burrone, 2018). Conversely, Global Health and Mental Health face significant criticism from perspectives considering many of their tools as neo-colonialist. Tension between the “global” and “local” scales on which the concept of Mental Health is constructed is evident. While the contribution of Global Health development, along with progress in disease burden studies and evidence-