Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

160 targeted incentives to modify food choices. Interventions that include the delivery and increased availability of fruits, vegetables and water in cafeterias, food vending machines and school kiosks have also shown an increase in consumption and preference for these foods. Nutritional education interventions for parents, caregivers and educators have shown little to no effect on increasing healthy food products (Adam & Jensen, 2016; Hodder et al., 2019). Considering that eating outside the home is becoming more frequent, different strategies have been tested to control the consumption of less healthy foods in these settings, like portion size reduction. They have not shown good results. Some small successes have been achieved when these were combined with menu labeling through a traffic light system or equivalent. Positive nutritional messages in restaurants and food stores increase consumers’ knowledge about healthy options, make those foods seem less tasty and lead to underestimation of their caloric content, which reduces feelings of guilt when eating and inducing higher consumption (Oostenbach et al., 2019). Front-of-package nutritional labeling has been recommended by various international organizations, including the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), as it has been observed to improve knowledge about the nutritional quality of foods and contribute to the selection of healthy foods, especially when using interpretive labeling models (through figures or images). In Chile, mandatory warning front-of-package labeling on foods has led to increased knowledge, changes in food selection and product reformulation by the industry which has projected a decrease in the intake of critical nutrients (Corvalán et al., 2021; Kanter et al., 2019). The price of food is a very important variable among the determinants of behavior and can act as a barrier or facilitator to access, select and consume healthy foods or, alternatively, processed and ultra-processed foods (Bukambu et al., 2020). On this same topic, a systematic review of 160 studies on price elasticity of demand showed that eating out at restaurants and similar establishments is highly sensitive to prices, as well as the consumption of sugary drinks and meats. For example, a 10% increase in the price of beverages leads to a proportional decrease in consumption (Andreyeva et al., 2010). In this regard, taxes on high nutrient-poor foods are a crucial structural and fiscal strategy to regulate food prices and they have shown positive effects in reducing the consumption of critical nutrients and processed and ultra-processed foods (Lhachimi et al., 2020; Pfinder et al., 2020). Similarly, like with front-of-package labeling, the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF, 2018) published a report summarizing the available evidence regarding taxes on unhealthy foods in support of the