Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

143 others (WHO, 2017). The Sustainable Development Goals prioritize ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, information and education and the integration of reproductive health in national strategies and programs. They also aim to eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private spheres. While studies show the emergence of certain types of communicable diseases among migrant populations, it is known that the contribution of migrants to the increased incidence of endemic diseases is related to the living and working conditions in which people arrive in countries and the weaknesses of systems to include these populations (Monge-Maillo et al., 2009; Valerio et al., 2009). It has been observed, for example, that limited access to preventive services, testing and vaccination, as well as other determining factors such as type of work, social and economic precariousness and cultural and emotional uprooting, can be risk factors for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (Folch et al., 2009; Leyva- Flores et al., 2013; Caro-Murillo et al., 2010). Health policies have predominantly focused on treating diseases without adequately addressing the underlying causes, such as actions within the social environment. Studies conducted in countries with a history of migration processes show an unequal distribution in the prevalence of gender-based violence according to country of origin, with migrant women being disproportionately affected. Additionally, the fertility rate among migrant women is higher than that of native women (Luque Fernández & Bueno-Cavanillas, 2009; Vives-Cases et al., 2009). Accessible health services, both preventive and curative, can meet the healthcare needs of migrants before they become seriously ill, while thereby reducing overall costs for the health systems in receiving countries. This is evident in the case of movements across international borders, where delays in seeking care or treatment for infectious diseases such as HIV are associated with multiple factors, including fear of engaging with public services for individuals without defined legal status (Foad et al., n. d.). Certain groups of migrants, including refugees, asylum seekers and migrants in irregular situations, may be particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases and experience worse health outcomes than the host population (Hui et al., 2018). Challenges for global epidemiological surveillance The Covid-19 pandemic has also impacted global public health surveillance systems and has highlighted both their strengths and urgent challenges. A global response to epidemic outbreaks is required, as well as improvements