Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

142 include their living and working conditions, lack of consideration for their cultural and linguistic diversity, xenophobia, limited knowledge and local networks and their level of inclusion in host communities (The Lancet, 2006) (Guadago, 2020). In many countries, migrants do not benefit from the same access to healthcare as the citizens of receiving countries, especially when they situations are irregular or they have short-term visas. Poorly managed, inadequate or discriminatory responses from health and immigration systems can have multiple negative consequences for the health of migrants and the communities they interact with (Vearey et al., 2020) (Van Durme, n. d.). Lessons from previous epidemics show that health inequalities and underlying health conditions could specifically and disproportionately affect morbidity and mortality among disadvantaged populations (Quinn & Kumar, 2014; Shaaban et al., 2020). Various literature reviews have identified potential barriers to the use of health services by migrant populations. Among the findings, the influence of the healthcare system context stands out as an important determinant of differences in the use of primary and specialized care services (Pitkin Derose et al., 2009; Rivers & Patino, 2006). Access barriers linked to place of birth, language, religion, ethnicity, race and other cultural factors have also been identified. Social exclusion and discrimination are not only related to health access but also permeate all stages of the migration process (Abubakar et al., 2018; Scheppers et al., 2006). Irregular immigrants who have no access to health services or the ability to pay for their healthcare face countless barriers to accessing safe and legal employment. Fear of deportation has multiple effects on emotional well-being and mental health and impacts the willingness and ability to seek healthcare services (Foad et al., n. d.; Hacker et al., 2015). The Covid-19 pandemic and the measures taken by some governments, including economic lockdowns, have resulted in reduced primary healthcare provisions in some places. This hinders access to basic public health programs such as vaccines, tuberculosis and/or HIV/AIDS treatment and sexual and reproductive health, including family planning (Regional Inter-Agency Coordination Platform (R4V), 2021; Guadago, 2020). Sexual health The recognition of sexual rights is inherent to sexual health, which implies that individuals have the right to sexual freedom, privacy, equity and pleasure, and to make free and responsible choices (WHO, 2002). Sexual rights include the right of all individuals, free from coercion, discrimination and violence, to the highest attainable standard of sexual health, including access to sexual and reproductive health services, seeking, receiving and imparting information related to sexuality and sexual education, among