Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

133 the most industrialized and largest emitters of greenhouse gases, such as China, the United States and the European Union, which together are responsible for approximately 45% of the emissions (Friedrich et al., 2020). Institutions such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization need to strengthen their role and leadership by taking strong initiatives to promote ambitious, prosperous, fair and binding negotiations in terms of climate action and population health protection. Furthermore, the IPCC plays a key role in providing syntheses of scientific evidence for decision-makers, so its role should be central in international negotiations. Global non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and globally reaching academic institutions play a crucial role in facilitating discussion and disseminating information, among both experts and non-experts in the field. NGOs generally have specific advocacy goals, which provide valuable information for the discussion on climate action and health protection. Academic institutions aim to educate future professionals who are global citizens committed to climate action and health. These individuals will be responsible for acting in different instances, from participating in climate negotiations to providing care for people affected by the impacts of climate change in different locations. Therefore, academic institutions should incorporate climate action-related training activities across their curriculum. Additionally, research produced by academic institutions should strongly incorporate elements of climate action to strengthen the body of evidence for better decision-making. Regional-level strategies The Latin America and Caribbean region faces concurrent climate and health threats and vulnerabilities. On one hand, the effects of climate change affect every country in the region and increase the risk of infectious and vector-borne diseases, as well as flooding and droughts, which jeopardize development, well-being and population health. On the other hand, social and health inequities are significantly high, which magnifies the effects of climate change on the most vulnerable populations. Moreover, weak governance and lack of climate collaboration among countries further exacerbate these challenges. In this regard, collaboration and cooperation among countries must be strengthened through technical and political capacity building for climate action and health. Joint strategies should also be developed to enhance communication and information sharing, to consolidate a powerful regional negotiating capacity at international level. An important element for academic institutions to consider is the