Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

103 biosphere has been altered and the consequences are known. The “planetary boundaries”, defined by Rockström et al. (2009), are processes in which life can still be possible and, based on the available global level information, thresholds were proposed for seven of the nine identified processes: climate change, influence on the stratospheric ozone layer, ocean acidification, influence on nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, loss of biodiversity, land use change and freshwater use. A review in 2015 determined that four of these boundaries had already been exceeded: climate change, loss of biosphere integrity, land use change and alteration of biogeochemical cycles (phosphorus and nitrogen). All of these have direct implications for human health, as we will see in subsequent chapters. “Determining a safe distance involves normative judgments about how societies choose to deal with risk and uncertainty” (Rockström 2009, p.5) and an element of necessary analysis to address these problems is that communities or social groups use and perceive nature in diverse ways and perceive risks differently, primarily influenced by cultural aspects (Finucane et al., 2014). Are the ways of analyzing territorial problems adequate? What information do we have to make decisions? If, on the other hand, the risks of exceeding the limits of nature are discussed based on well-being, designing good practices, innovation and technology together, people are likely to be more willing to trigger changes, amplify successful experiences (Koleff et al., 2019) and consider possible solutions (Foley et al., 2005; Rockström, 2009; Kok et al., 2018). The history of human use and abuse of ecosystems tells the story of adaptation to the changing conditions that we create. (Folke et al., 2005. P. 442) Biodiversity conservation or biological diversity (CBD, 1992) has not been seen as a structural pillar for the secure availability of natural resources and continues to collide with economic growth. The management of natural resources and biodiversity conservation are parallel paths in the design of public policies and the hyper-globalized economy. Market rules have established a way of using territory that, along with generating wealth, has reinforced inequalities. This has worn down the State and governments. Distrust in State organisms in Latin America is growing (Gligo et al., 2020), but the policies and conditions that prevent progress remain. Human activities have transformed nature relentlessly and dangerously for our survival, as evidenced in various international reports (Alkemade et al., 2009; Vinicius et al., 2018; Eyring et al., 2021). Absolutely all activities carried out by society depend on nature; every reality in the Universe is “interconnected and self-organized” (Vila et al., 2006, p. 13). The meaning of this is filled with complexities, according to Castree et al. (2009), that we have not been able to fully comprehend to achieve sustainable use. All modified systems where agriculture, livestock and fishing take place also