Global health. The current scenario and future perspectives

102 Figure 1. Predicted percentage of land area that exceeds 20% species loss under future climate change and land use scenarios. Note: All values are expressed relative to a baseline prior to human activity. The separate effects of climate (solid, opaque lines) and land use (dashed, translucent lines) are shown in (a), while the combined effects of both pressures (assuming no interactions) are shown in (b). The error bars indicate the estimated uncertainty in the projections for the year 2070: 95% confidence intervals for land use impact models, and the range of estimates in the ensemble of distribution models for climate impact models. The results of land use and climate impacts are based on final projections with a spatial resolution of 0.5°C. Taken from Newbold T. (2018). Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ , which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. At regional level, for terrestrial ecosystems, a study conducted by several authors, within the framework of the evaluation of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems, found that 85% of forested areas in the Americas are “potentially threatened” (Ferrer et al., 2018, cited by Lehm et al., 2019, p. 31), especially in South America, under the categories of “critically endangered”, “endangered” and “vulnerable”. Pliscoff (2015), in turn, conducted the same assessment of ecosystems for Chile (based on the classification of ecosystems according to the IUCN) and the results show that the ecosystems of the Mediterranean ecoregion (central zone of Chile) are in a critical condition and at risk of collapse. The causes, according to the authors, are the change in ecosystem cover. We have exceeded the limits of acceptable states for living; the