Proceedings of the 12th International INQUA meeting on paleoseismology, active tectonic and archaeoseismology

88 PATA Days 2024 D ATA A N D M E T H O D We used the SURE 2.0 database of historical surface ruptures, which categorizes the surface ruptures into principal fault rupture (PF, Rank 1) and different typologies of distributed ruptures (DRs), including: i) reactivation of pre-existing secondary faults (Rank 1.5), such as splay faults, that have the potential to be recognized and mapped before an earthquake as there can be geologic and geomorphic evidence of long-term activity on them; ii) simple DRs (Rank 2), i.e. discontinuous ruptures around the PF trace, with concentrations in structural complexities of the PF, apparently not related to pre-existing structures recognizable before the earthquake (no geologic or geomorphic evidence); Rank 2 DRs can be produced also by Rank 1.5 DRs; iii) DRs related to folding, such as bending- moment or flexural-slip ruptures (Rank 21 and 22); and iv) triggered DRs along pre-existing faults that are not likely to be connected to the PF, generally at far distance from the PF, possibly on a fault that can rupture as PF during an earthquake on that fault (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Diagram illustrating the rupture ranking for normal faults according to the SURE 2.0 database (Nurminen et al., 2022).