Proceedings of the 12th International INQUA meeting on paleoseismology, active tectonic and archaeoseismology

452 PATA Days 2024 environmental geological effects (EAEs) and has been also investigated by geological methods (trenching, surface geophysics, radiocarbon dating) allowing the identification of their probable seismic sources (Silva et al., 2019). Finally, it is necessary to highlight that the continuous research in Baelo Claudia since 2002 allowed to check, identify and verify the occurrence of a large tsunami event (c. 8 m run-up) accompanying the late 4th century earthquake affecting to the lower part of the city and eastern necropolis (Reicherter et al., 2022). These studies allowed to improve methodological approaches, to refine EAE classifications, survey new methods of structural analysis on oriented damage, and check new research techniques such a Lidar scan, drone imagery and obtention of numerical 3D digital twins for lab analyses and divulgation. Post-roman earthquakes (> 5th Century CE) This groupmainly gathers those events occurred from the Muslim occupation of the Iberian Peninsula till the so-called Reconquista by the Christian Kingdoms finished in 1492 CE. The list of strong earthquakes (≥ VIIMSK) occurred in Spain canbe considered complete from the year 1500 CE (Silva, 2019). However, this century (16th) records an important number of strong medieval earthquakes also highlighted in Fig. 1. The earthquakes occurred during the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (8th -11th centuries AD) are credited to be the first ones truly documented by contemporary historical reports (Udias, 2015). The rest of these medieval strong events mainly occurred in the kingdoms of northern Spain and are variably documented, and the stronger ones properly analysed through the ESI07 Scale and included in Fig. 4: Sand explosion crater affecting to a roman strcutre reinforced with “opus caementicium” 1 m thick near the old roman city of Complutum (Alcalá de Henares, Madrid).