Proceedings of the 12th International INQUA meeting on paleoseismology, active tectonic and archaeoseismology

the 218 BCE. This has a large geological record in form of tsunamites within the estuaries of the Gulf of Cádiz such that of the Guadalquivir River (present Doñana marshes; Fig. 1), an ancient littoral lake in the Gulf of Cádiz till the roman times. Tsunamite records throw a bracketed radiocarbon age of 218-209 BCE for this event (Rodríguez-Vidal, et al., 2011). Data compiled for these authors indicate the occurrence of a tsunami with a minimum run-up of 5 m penetrating inland between 12 to 14 km. It caused significant environmental damage and erosion on spit-bars, beaches and coastal dunes around the ancient estuarine zone, comparable to those produced by the 1755 CE Lisbon earthquake-tsunami event. Geological data indicate the record of X ESI-07 intensity, along at least 140 km of the Gulf of Cadiz coast between Huelva and the Gibraltar Strait and suggest a common seismic source with the Lisbon earthquake (Silva et al., 2019). This ancient tsunami event is credited to be the first to be mentioned in historical documents in Spain, like that related to the onset of the Second PunicWar: The Hannibal's "ekphrasis" in the Heracleion of Gadir (see Silva, 2019). This well documented event (historically and geologically supported), although included since the first official seismic catalogues, was removed from them since the year 2015 (Udias, 2015). Fig. 3: Deformed walls and buttress of the Phoenician fortress (citadel) of the Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño Site (Guadarmar de Segura, Alicante). Roman earthquakes (2nd BCE – 5th century CE) These constitute the more numerous and better documented group of ancient events (Table 1). Aside the well-known earthquakes shaking the old Roman city of Baelo Claudia in the Gibraltar Strait (Cádiz) in the second half of the 1st and 4th centuries CE (e.g. Silva et al., 2005; Reicherter et al., 2021) there are presently documented other seven new ones in the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula with estimated intensities ≥ VII MSK/ESI07. Most of them are in the Betic Cordillera and Guadalquivir basin in south Spain as is the case of the old cities of Corduba, Munigua, Ategua and Castulo (e.g. Morin et al., 2014; Giner et al. 2016; Sánchez-Gómez & Donaire, 2024). All these archaeo- logical sites (under study), display oriented damage recorded by well-preserved and diverse EAEs affecting buildings, walls and pavements, pointing to the occurrence of Late-Roman events during the 4th – 5th century CE. Aside the Betic Cordillera there are other three late Roman events at the old cities of Illunum in SE Spain (Albacete), Complutum in Central Spain (Madrid) and Egitania (Idanha a Velha) in Portugal near the Spanish border (Silva et al., 2019; Rodríguez- Pascua et al., 2016; 2017). All these late roman events, also record important