Proceedings of the 12th International INQUA meeting on paleoseismology, active tectonic and archaeoseismology

258 PATA Days 2024 and fault activity (e.g., Cowie & Scholz, 1992; Sibson, 2003). Defining the permanent deformation zone producing serious damage is also significant for the site selection of important facilities. Thus, it is necessary to consider the respective distance from a fault (e.g. Munier et al., 2003), expected deformation types, or the location of damage zones around critical facilities. Fault damage zones and their application to earthquake hazard assessment Detailed studies of fault zones (e.g. Wesnousky, 2008; Jin & Kim, 2010) have contributed to the understanding of seismic characteristics and the evaluation of earthquake hazards. Kim et al. (2003, 2004) and Choi et al. (2016) described and classified various patterns of locally concentrated damage structures around faults and surface ruptures, and proposed a 3Dmodel for fault damage zones. According to their results, minor surface ruptures along major ruptures are mainly concentrated in the linkage and tip damage zones, which exhibit complex patterns, while the major surface ruptures develop as relatively simple patterns. A similar study of damage and strain distribution patterns in a natural normal fault system has also been reported (Nixon et al., 2019). Therefore, strain and slip distribution and rupture patterns are strongly related to fault damage zones and fault evolution. Earthquake damage controlling factors and their application to the 2023 Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes The 6th of February 2023 Elbistan and Pazarcik earthquakes occurredontheNorthernstrandandmainstrandof theEastAnatolian Fault zone, which also caused critical damage (> 57,000 deaths) in Turkey and Syria. Surface ruptures developed over a length of more than 500 km. The moment magnitudes (Mw) are 7.5 (Elbistan) and 7.8 (Pazarcik), respectively (Fig. 1 in Provost et al., 2024). There are several causes for the major earthquake damage, one of which is shallow focal depth. Both earthquakes, left-lateral strike-slip faults on steeply dipping planes, occurred at very shallow depths (≤ 10 km) (Reitman et al., 2023). Hence, shallow-focused earthquakes are generally more intensive and cause more serious damage. In general, aftershocks are concentrated in damage zones, because aftershock clusters are associated with the secondary faulting around the main fault, accommodating the residual stress (Sibson, 1989; Kim & Sanderson, 2008; Jin & Kim, 2021). These indicate that the location and distribution of the main shock and aftershocks are closely related to the rupture propagation, slip, and damage zone (Kim & Sanderson, 2008). The surface ruptures and aftershock locations, generated by two earthquakes, are well reported by many investigations, which are concentrated on tip- damage and linkage-damage zones (fig. 3 in Provost et al., 2024). Moreover, aftershock clustering is also distributed in the hangingwall part of the surface ruptures, becausedamage zones arewider around the hanging wall than around the footwall (Ota et al., 2005). The characteristics of geologic faults and earthquake ruptures show asymmetric displacement and damage patterns, which makes surface ruptures difficult to estimate (Jin & Kim, 2021). Based on the surface rupture maps and main shock positions, the earthquake ruptures must propagate asymmetrically from the main shocks,