Proceedings of the 12th International INQUA meeting on paleoseismology, active tectonic and archaeoseismology

Although most earthquake hazards are concentrated along very narrow zones, they can cause serious damage to most types of structures (e.g. Barka et al., 2002; Ota et al., 2005). Therefore, it is critical to trace and evaluate active faults, particularly around important sites such as nuclear power plants, radioactive waste disposal sites, and large industrial facilities. Fault damage zones (e.g. Kim et al., 2004; Choi et al., 2016) are secondary structures developed around faults, which are significant for understanding the kinematics and mechanism of related faults. The concept is useful for understanding fluid-flow systems around faults (Caine et al., 1996; Zhang & Sanderson, 1996; Evans et al., 1997; Kim & Sanderson, 2010) and predicting earthquake hazard areas (e.g. Sibson, 1989; Kim & Sanderson, 2008; Jin & Kim, 2010; Choi et al., 2012). Although the respect distance is an important factor that is commonly considered to evaluate earthquake hazards around active faults (e.g. Munier et al., 2003), the damage zones around faults and earthquake ruptures are not so simple (e.g. Kim et al., 2004; Jin & Kim, 2010; Choi et al., 2016). The characteristics of fault zones, including the type of fault, stage of evolution, slip sense, and specific location around the fault, significcantly influence the associated seismic activity and determine the relevant distances for safety and analysis. Therefore, we explain how the fault damage zone and respect distance can be considered for the proper interpretation of earthquake damages and the evaluation of important sites. Moreover, we examined the coseismic rupture zones associated with the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake to apply the earthquake damage controlling model. Main controlling factors on earthquake hazards Several controlling factors can affect the intensity of earthquake damage. The focal depth affects the intensity of ground motion due to the attenuation of seismic waves (Keller & DeVecchio, 2016) because the seismic waves that originate from a deep focus must travel farther to the surface, losing energy along the way. Moreover, seismicwaves are stronger near the epicenter and typically decay with increasing distance from the epicenter due to intrinsic attenuation (Shani- Kadmiel et al., 2012). Local soil and geological conditions can also contribute to the amplitude, spectral content, and duration of strong ground motion involving soil liquefaction, and ultimately alter the patterns of damage to man-made structures (Trifunac, 2016). The earthquake damage intensity and pattern are also strongly dependent on the building styles, materials, and anti-seismic design codes applied (e.g., Zhao et al., 2009). The fault damage zone is the volume of deformed wall rocks around a fault resulting from the initiation, propagation, interaction, and build-up of slip along a fault (e.g. Cowie & Scholz, 1992; McGrath & Davison, 1995; Kimet al., 2003, 2004), andprovides valuable information about fault propagation and growth (Vermilye & Scholz, 1998, 1999; Kim & Sanderson, 2006), as well as earthquake initiation and termination (Sibson, 1985; Thatcher & Bonilla, 1989; Kim & Sanderson, 2008). Therefore, accurate knowledge of fault damage zones helps predict the locations of potential damage zones and future surface ruptures of associated active faults. The width of brittle fault zones has been used as a parameter in estimating fault length, total displacement,