Migración internacional de enfermeras/os de América Latina 2010-2019

119 Migración internacional de enfermeras/os de América Latina 2010-2019 nada faces difficulty recruiting nurses and filling current gaps within this industry due to its inactive international recruiting procedures (Little, 2007). There is an underrepresentation of migrant healthcare workers from Latin America worldwide, es- pecially when compared to a region like Asia. Approximately 17% of the Latin American nursing po- pulation migrates, compared to Asia's 41%, North America, Europe and Oceania's 14%, and Africa's 10% (WHO, 2014). 16% of all nurses working in the OECD countries were born internationally, and seven percent were trained internationally. In Canada in 2017/2018 specifically, 8.1% of the nursing population was trained internationally, and 24.4% was born internationally (Scarpetta et al., 2020). Many global healthcare support roles, such as health aides and dental assistants, migrate from the Caribbean and Latin America, with 34% and 40%, respectively (WHO, 2014). Intra-regional migration within Latin America is quite popular, especially as residents of this region often choose Chile or Argentina to be their final destination. However, international destinations such as Spain, Canada, and the US are also quite popular destinations for Latin Americans to im- migrate to. Thus, since 1960, Latin America has been experiencing more emigrations than immi- grations, which impacts the region's economy. Additionally, due to the Great Recession, in 2008 and 2009, many Latin American men and women chose to migrate to North America, particularly Canada, for stable employment opportunities. Interestingly, in 2009, Canada and the US accepted 3,184,600 immigrants within their countries, compared to the 460,290 immigrants admitted into Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, and Uruguay. Between Canada and the US, Canada welcomes approximately 20 immigrants per 1000 Canadians, compared to eight immigrants per 1000 Americans. Since 2011, more than 700,000 Latin Americans live in Canada, contributing more than 11% of the Canadian population (OAS, 2011). Most Latin American nurses that migrate to Canada fall under either the economic class or the family class. Those who migrate under the family class may have more difficulty finding employment within nursing (FWC, 2021). Migration Policies, Programs, and Regulations Canada and the Latin countries have and follow various national and international policies, pro- grams, and regulations that discuss the migration of nurses and migration in general. Canada has immigration policies that permit themobility of skilled workers, like nurses, to enhance the Canadian economy and fill current employment gaps, such as the 2002 IRPA (Hanson &McIntosh, 2010; ECLAC, 2011). In addition, international migration policies adopted by various governments can either mo- tivate or deter immigration and emigration practices due to the simplicity or difficulty of the poli- cies (Hanson & McIntosh, 2010). A 2019 survey of 111 countries demonstrated that most countries applied immigration policies to boost migration rates compared to three percent of those countries