Migración internacional de enfermeras/os de América Latina 2010-2019

118 Migración internacional de enfermeras/os de América Latina 2010-2019 and 10% were from Southeast Asia. The Philippines was the country with the greatest overall num- ber of migrant nurses in Canada in 2015 and 2016 (CIHI, 2020-a; Cornelissen, 2021). Nurses in Canada are consistently being paid higher wages or salaries than other professions, yet there is still a shortage of nurses in the country. Many believe this to be because the salaries nurses receive are not competitive or fair based on the work associated with the role or the growing need for this occupation everywhere (Hirsch & Schumacher, 2012; Kinder, 2020). On average, RNs in Cana- da make approximately CAD 35 an hour, while LPNs earn approximately CAD 26 an hour (Pay Scale, 2021). Moreover, many Canadian nurses or nurses trained in Canada choose to migrate to the United States or other countries to find better roles in their field. These moves can be permanent but are more often temporary to allow nurses to gain experience before returning to Canada (Freeman et al., 2015; Squires & Beltran-Sanchez, 2013). There are three main types of regulated nurses in Canada: RNs, LPNs, and RPNs. Each of these profes- sions has different requirements necessary to work in the role and it is a very competitive process. For instance, it is mandatory to complete a four-year bachelor's degree, write the Canadian RN Examina- tion, and register with the College of Nurses of Ontario to practise as an RN in the province of Ontario (CNA, 2021-b; NNAS, 2021; CNA, 2021-a; CNO, 2020; RN Careers & RNAO, 2018). The process associa- ted with becoming a regulated nurse in Canada if internationally-trained or internationally-born slightly varies as immigrant nurses must complete an application for their destination province or territory, write the Canadian RN Examination, register with their province's Nursing College, while also provide proof of permanent residency or citizenship, a bachelor's degree, clinical experience, and English proficiency (ForeignWorker Canada (FWC), 2021; Health Force Ontario, 2017; CNO, 2016) Under Canada's IRPA, any migrant must be classified under either the economic class, family class, protected persons class, or other/special circumstances (GoC, 2001). In 2018, the economic class made up 58% of Canada's immigrant population, while the family class contributed 27%, the pro- tected persons class contributed 14%, and the other category contributed only one percent (Chea- tham, 2020). Brain drain is increasing globally, especially in conflict-stricken nations like Venezuela, as greater numbers of highly educated and qualified professionals choose to emigrate from their homes and immigrate to developed countries for better opportunities (Blanchfield, 2019; Baumann et al., 2004). Although Canada receives many immigrants, many Canadians choose to emigrate for various rea- sons. Due to many changes in the Canadian healthcare system, many nurses seek out international employment. The US receives the most significant number of Canadian nurses. Unfortunately, Ca-