Migración internacional de enfermeras/os de América Latina 2010-2019

116 Migración internacional de enfermeras/os de América Latina 2010-2019 lives in poverty, and greater than one-third of single-parent families or immigrants live in poverty (Citizens for Public Justice, 2015; CPI, 2018). Canada is in the top 10 countries globally with the lar- gest economies and is a part of the G8 countries. Canada's economy strongly relies on the trading of commodities and services, therefore natural resources, manufacturing, and service industries, to maintain the country's GDP (GoC, 2012-a). In 2020, the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement was created to improve international trade relations between the three nations (GoC, 2021-a). Refer to Appendix A for further information outlining Canada's demographic and socio-sanitary profile. Canadian Migration Patterns The Canadian population has been increasing each year. A large contributor to this population growth is the immigration of people around the world to Canada. At the start of 2010, the population of Canada was approximately 34 million people, and at the end of 2019, the population was about 37.8 million people (Statistics Canada, 2021-d; World Bank, 2019-d). Between 2010 and 2019, approximately 2.8 mi- llion people immigrated to Canada and have claimed permanent residence status, withmost immigrants arriving from China, the US, the UK, Pakistan, India, South Korea, the Philippines, Iran, Syria, and France (Varrella, 2021; Statistics Canada, 2015; Martel & D'Aoust, 2016). In 2010, approximately 16.8 million of these individuals in Canada were men, while 17.1 million were women, compared to 18.6 million men and 18.9millionwomen residing in Canada in 2019 (Statistics Canada, 2021-c;World Bank, 2019-b;World Bank, 2019-c). The number of immigrants arriving in Canada has been changing and typically increasing between 2010 and 2019, with migrants coming from various origin countries internationally. Refer to Appendix B for specific values and details regarding the number of immigrants and the top countries of origin for 2010 to 2019. However, many people emigrate from Canada for numerous reasons, such as employment, improvedwages, climate, etc. Rates of emigration are complicated tomonitor and record in Canada, and the data fluctuates between sources. Additionally, historically certain demographic groups in Canada are more inclined to emigrate, such as young adults, recent immigrants, skilled workers, or educated people, contributing to brain drain (Bérard-Chagnon, 2018). Healthcare in Canada Canada has a universal healthcare system for all permanent residents or citizens of the country, whe- re almost all healthcare services are provided free of charge to taxpayers (Martin et al., 2018). As healthcare is a provincial responsibility, each province or territory has their own health insurance plan for its residents (GoC, 2021-b). Each province must follow the Federal Government's Canada Health Act to ensure all health insurance plans meet a certain standard (GoC, 2019-a). All emergency healthcare services will be provided for free, even to non-citizens or immigrants without a provincial health card. In addition, refugees and migrants under the protected persons class may be eligible for temporary health insurance through the Interim Federal Health Program (GoC, 2021-c).